In his book The Revenge of Geography, Robert D. Kaplan presents a compelling argument that geography remains a crucial factor in shaping global politics. Kaplan, a seasoned journalist and geopolitical analyst, meticulously examines the historical and geographical forces that have influenced the world's most significant conflicts and power dynamics. The book presents a novel interpretation of the persistent influence of geography on political decisions and international relations.

The book is structured around the notion that geography exerts a fundamental influence on history. The author explores how geographical features such as mountains, rivers, and seas have historically dictated the rise and fall of empires. The author's argument posits that, despite the advent of technological innovations, geography continues to wield a pivotal influence in shaping the political landscape. The argument proffered by Kaplan for geopolitical determinism is both intriguing and controversial. He proposes that geography, as an immutable factor, imposes constraints on the range of options available to political leaders. To illustrate this point, Kaplan draws parallels between Russia's geographic characteristics, particularly its expansive landmass and absence of natural barriers, and its historical vulnerability to invasions. This, in turn, has influenced its expansionist policies. Kaplan's examination of historical occurrences through the prism of geography proves to be particularly illuminating. He revisits the strategic importance of the Mediterranean Sea in the Roman Empire and the role of the Himalayas in shaping the Indian subcontinent's history. These examples illustrate how geographical features have consistently influenced political strategies and outcomes.

"The Revenge of Geography" is a seminal work that merits a thorough examination by any individual with an interest in comprehending the pervasive influence of geography on global politics. By examining historical and contemporary events through a geographical lens, Kaplan provides valuable insights into the forces that shape our world. The book serves as a reminder that despite technological advancements, the physical landscape remains a powerful determinant of political outcomes.

Szabolcs Veres is a researcher at the Eurasia Center